The Effect of Debriefing and Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression in Traumatic Childbirth: A Randomized Clinical Trial
The inclusion criteria included giving birth after 22 weeks of gestation, ability to speak, Iranian nationality, no mental diseases, no psychiatric medications, no history of infertility or substance abuse by the mother, not having elective caesarean section, no history of depression, stress, or and anxiety during pregnancy, knowledge of cognitive-behavioral therapy concepts, and the ability to cope with a stressful situation similar to other participants. A large study in the UK showed that the negative impact of maternal depression on mother-infant relationship led to insecure attachment style, impaired mental health in the first 5 years of age (14-16), low self-confidence and childhood IQ (16), inhibited growth and social interactions (17), more baby crying and colic (11), and high anxiety at the age of 13 years (18). Wiklun showed that in women who were screened with the Edinburgh scale, brief cognitive-behavioral counseling gradually led to significant differences between the two groups (Group * Time), and he recommended brief cognitive-behavioral interventions for the treatment of mothers at risk for postpartum depression (35).
Bloom identified that one of the differences between post-traumatic stress and postpartum depression is that depression can be developed without a sudden traumatic event in the mother and it is not necessarily the result of giving birth, although perinatal complications can be among its risk factors (23). Three months after delivery, results of repeated measures ANOVA (Figure 2) revealed that the mean depression scores of the two intervention groups and the control group were not significantly different (Figure 2), and the P-value based on Greenhouse-Geisser correction was less than 0. A brief Cognitive behavioral therapy helps mothers think positively about what's happening and focused on improving the information that the women have about healthy lifestyles, techniques for managing anxiety, social skills and problem solving, relaxation, cognitive coping (26). For mothers who were prone to traumatic childbirth, based on criteria A of DSM_V_TR, PTSD was determined according to Gombel’s study, that is, the mothers were asked whether they had felt any threat of death or serious injury to themselves or their babies intrapartum (27).
The exclusion criteria for the mothers included requiring special care, taking advice from a source other than the researchers, experiencing no stressful life events over the past year, not wanting to continue participation in the project, and having no history of PTSD. Examining personal growth, which involves positive changes in women’s lives following birth trauma, can provide a complete picture of these psychological reactions, which in turn, sets the path for future research to promote posttraumatic growth in mothers (23). Recent studies showed that early counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and identification of mothers who were at increased risk of postpartum depression should be performed by health care providers to deal with this problem and prevent its complications (40-43). Due to their sense of competence and determination to prevent damages and due to their cognitive abilities, people with high self-efficacy adapt to adverse and challenging situations and eliminate obstacles quickly to reach their goal (21).
Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
The tools were Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Postnatal Depression Scale (Edinburgh), and the checklist of anxiety and depression using diagnostic criteria of anxiety and mood disorders (DSM- IV-IR). The goal of the current study was to predict postpartum depression among women attended health care centers in Shiraz based on parental bonding, history of anxiety, and depression. Methods: In this regard, 120 women with postpartum depression were selected among the women who had delivered in hospitals of Shiraz using convenience sampling method. It means that 44% of changes by postpartum depression in caused by the extraordinary protective factors of caring father and mother. Background : Depression has often been considered as a major cause of human health threats in the world. 44), the extraordinary protective factors of caring father and mother, predicted 44% of postpartum depression. Findings : The linear regression model showed that extraordinary protective factors of caring father (p<0.
Post-Partum Depression Effect on Child Health and Development
Maternal depressive symptoms, and not anxiety symptoms, are associated with positive mother child reporting discrepancies of internalizing problems in children: a report on the TRAILS Study. Can we identify mothers at risk for postpartum depression in the immediate postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale? J Affect Disord 2004;78:163-9. Outcome of prenatal depression and risk factors associated with persistence in the first postnatal year: Prospective study from Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Maternal mental health, substance use, and domestic violence in the year after delivery and subsequent behavior problems in children at age 3 years. Maternal depression and comorbidity: predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies. Depressive mood in women at childbirth predicts their mood and relationship with infant and partner during the first year postpartum. The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature.
A follow-up study of postpartum depressed women: recurrent maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior after four years. Exposure to maternal depression and marital conflict: Gender differences in children's later mental health symptoms. Postnatal depression and infant growth and development in low income countries: a cohort study from Goa, India. Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: relationships with child outcomes at age 5. Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant mother attachment: a meta analytic investigation. Standardization and validation of the ASQ developmental disorders screening tool in children of Tehran city. Symptoms of depression postpartum and 12 years later-associations to child mental health at 12 years of age. This journal is a member of, and subscribes to the principles of, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
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